Apology by Plato essay

Conciliatory sentiment by Plato exposition Conciliatory sentiment by Plato exposition Conciliatory sentiment by Plato essayIn Plato’s Apology, the peruser discovers a lot of fascinating data about the insightful idea that is gotten from Socrates’ protection discourse. Socrates, Plato’s educators and companion, is prepared to guard himself. Socrates’ mission is to help individuals to all the more likely comprehend the significance of life so as to transform them, setting accentuation on goodness and spirits. He says,It is the best useful for an individual to discussVirtue consistently and the other thingsAbout which you hear me speaking and analyzing both myself and others,For the unexamined life does not merit living for a person (Plato 38b).â â â â â â â â â â â Socrates asserts that his job in Athenian culture is significant in light of the fact that he is the person who can bolster the honesty of the general public he lives in by his job as gadfly. Socrates utilizes his remarkable philosophical argumentation to clarify power relations inside the Athenian society.There are two arrangements of charges that were brought against Socrates: the first is discourtesy to the city’s divine beings and the subsequent one is defilement of youngsters. These charges incorporate proper charges brought by Anytus, Meletus and Lycon and some previous charges brought by mysterious individuals. By and by, these two arrangements of charges are interlinked. The charges incorporate â€Å"corrupting the youthful, and by not putting stock in the divine beings in whom the city accepts, yet in other daimonia that are novel† (Plato 24b).Socrates reacts to these charges are persuading. He denies the way that his way of thinking and logical exercises cause mischief to the general public he lives in and the city when all is said in done. He denies that his way of thinking can degenerate the young, asserting that his scholarly idea is of extraordinary incentive for humankind. Socrates attempts to convince the jury about h is honesty, â€Å"No more noteworthy great has come to be in the city than my support of the God† (Plato). Socrates expresses that his lifestyle is the most ideal lifestyle for every person since it produces satisfaction for everybody in the city.â â â â â â â â â â â My own perspective on Socrates’ honesty depends on various realities, including his scholarly idea, his crucial his fearlessness. I have faith in Socrates’ blamelessness, in spite of the fact that the charges brought to him by the court are somewhat genuine for Athenians. Socrates’ protection against the charge that he doesn’t have confidence in Gods is straightforward and adequate. He concedes that he doesn't have confidence in the Gods of the city, however he is guided by a type of higher being, or spirits. He states, â€Å"I live in extraordinary neediness on account of my administration to God† (23c). I totally concur with Socrates’ contention that the ca se in regards to his agnosticism is bogus on the grounds that he puts stock in higher otherworldly creatures. I would have casted a ballot set him free in light of the fact that these two arrangements of charges are deficient for capital punishment.  The second case about the tainted youth is likewise bogus in light of the fact that there is no proof.â One man can't be accused for the debasement of the whole age of youngsters. In this way, for these two arrangements of charges, I would have vote in Socrates’ favor, thinking of him as guiltless.  â â â â â â â â â â Thus, it is important to presume that Socrates has increased overall notoriety for tolerating his demise for the two arrangements of charges tainting the young and dismissing the Athenian city’s Gods.  In Apology, Plato recounts to the tale of Socrates’ preliminary, depicting his conduct and his one of a kind guard during the preliminary procedure. Socrates is guiltless in light of the fact that his insightful idea is valuable for Athenians. He has been wrongly charged.

Technology in World Civilization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Innovation in World Civilization - Essay Example The created overreliance on innovation that is anticipated to continue along these lines implies that individuals can't successfully, as they did previously, handle errands physically. This anyway recognizes a basic issue should a worldwide disaster happen and cripple all innovation based frameworks (Fema, 2011). The issue would be like the Ireland’s potatoes starvation of the nineteenth century. For the situation, social conditions had prompted dependence of potatoes as the main food crop. The crop’s malady that broke out in the year 1845 anyway cut the society’s just wellspring of food, prompting starvation. The results were deadly with further ramifications, for example, â€Å"cholera, looseness of the bowels, typhus, and sign of lice† that prompted demise and relocation of individuals from the locale (Digital, 2012, p. 1). The two occasions thusly distinguish closeness in social orders that can scarcely endure, should their staple application fall flat. Like the potatoes’ situation upset people’s social, political, and monetary lives in Ireland, interruption in innovation will slow down proficient and modern activities that have altogether relied upon it. Financial procedures, social insurance administrations, and correspondence will hence stop. The present society can anyway gradually conform to its manual activity framework, as in the potatoes’ disaster, or bear the results until another innovation is created (Fema, 2011; Digital, 2012). A flaw that cripples all processor-based applications, for example, utilization of PC and PC based gadgets would require arrangements. One of the potential arrangements that the general public can utilize is returning to the customary manual activity framework, a procedure that will rely upon human asset for dynamic and procedure usage. The general public would likewise attempt to research reasons for the issue so as to reestablish the processor applications.

Get Prepared For Art History Essay Topics

Get Prepared For Art History Essay TopicsArt history essays must offer enough knowledge to engage the reader. The key to this is in knowing the history of the artwork, while also including the context and current value for the artwork. The ultimate goal is to answer the questions of whether or not a particular artwork is still valuable.Art history essay topics should involve history in general. Each subject is unique. The topics will be as diverse as one can get. A student must select a topic that has a touch of all of the major disciplines.Class discussions are a good way to start a topic. Discussing the past and how it has influenced the present is a good way to prepare students for what to include. Reading literature that explores such historical events is another avenue. Students can bring their laptops into class and take advantage of assignments and readings offered online. These assignments give students the opportunity to read from an essay perspective.While reading assignmen ts, make sure to narrow down the issues by reading the primary sources. These sources can provide just as much insight as literature studies, but they focus on the actual history of the artwork. In some cases, students may come across notes that they need to incorporate into their own opinions about the subject.Identifying the topics to focus on and developing research skills to satisfy the assigned subjects is essential. Knowledge in a field is useless if there is no research. Students can review the assigned material through student papers, quizzes, or use their laptops to gain insight on the assignments themselves.In addition to being able to write a good essay, students must be able to deliver it in a clear and compelling manner. Most essays have the ability to win applause and praise from the professor. However, the quality of the essay does not lessen the effort. Students must be able to meet the task at hand, with their essay.Art history essay topics can be difficult, especia lly when they concern famous works of art. However, even with minor pieces, the topics vary greatly. Some topics are common among every single artwork; however, others may be more unique.It is important to get started on art history essay topics when they are easy and the writing is fun. Writing for college classes should always be enjoyable, but for art history students, they must be fun. It is a reflection of the individual's passion and interest in a subject.

The Complete Anatomy of a Fish

Fish come in many shapes, colors and sizes. There are thought to be over 20,000 species of marine fish. But all bony fish (fish that have a bony skeleton, as opposed to sharks and rays, whose skeletons are made of cartilage) have the same basic body plan.   Piscine Body Parts In general, fish have the same  vertebrate body as all vertebrates. This includes a notochord, head, tail, and rudimentary vertebrae. Most often, the fish body is fusiform, so it is fast-moving, but it can also be known as filiform (eel-shaped) or vermiform (worm-shaped). Fish are either depressed and flat, or compressed to be laterally thin. Fins Fish have several types of fins, and they may have stiff rays or spines inside of them that keep them upright. Here are the types of fish fins and where they are located: Dorsal fin: This fin is on the fishs back.Anal fin: This fin is located near the tail, on the underside of the fish.Pectoral fins: This fin is on each side of the fish, near its head.Pelvic fins: This fin is found on each side of the fish, on the underside near its head.Caudal fin: This is the tail. Depending on where they are located, a fishs fins may be used for stability and hydrodynamics (the dorsal fin and anal fin), propulsion (the caudal fin), or steering with occasional propulsion (the pectoral fins). Scales Most fish have scales covered with a slimy mucus that helps protect them. There are different scale types: Ctenoid scales: Have a rough, comb-like edgeCycloid scales: Have a smooth edgeGanoid scales: Thick and made of bone covered with an enamel-like substancePlacoid scales: Like modified teeth, they give the skin of elasmobranchs a rough feel. Gills Fish have gills for breathing. They inhale water through their mouths, then close their mouths and force water out over the gills. Here, hemoglobin in blood circulating in the gills absorbs dissolved oxygen in the water. The gills have a gill cover, or operculum, through which the water flows out. Swim Bladder Many fish have a swim bladder, which is used for buoyancy. The swim bladder is a sac filled with gas that is located inside the fish. The fish can inflate or deflate the swim bladder so that it is neutrally buoyant in the water, allowing it to be at the optimal water depth. Lateral Line System Some fish have a lateral line system, a series of sensory cells that detect water currents and depth changes. In some fish, this lateral line is visible as a physical line that runs from behind the fishs gills to its tail.

Essay about Athletes and Anabolic Steroids - 3631 Words

Women Athletes and Anabolic Steroids I. Introduction Anabolic steroids have been around since the 1930s. While they started out solely for medical purposes, they have now become widely accepted for recreational endeavors and heightened athletic performance. Though highly accepted, they are still very illegal without a written prescription. While they have surpassed their medical uses and found their way into top athletes and body builders, they have also crossed the gender barrier. Men are not the only users anymore. More and more women have felt the effects of anabolic steroids and before you think they are the thing for you maybe you should read this first. I. What are Anabolic Steroids? Anabolic steroids†¦show more content†¦Through experimentation, though, scientists found in lab animals that anabolic steroids could facilitate the growth of skeletal muscles and with this is where the weight lifters and athletes come in to play. Since then over 100 anabolic steroids have been developed and most of them still remain illegal without consent from a doctor. While they were initially created for male related irregularities, they are now finding their way into a womans body and becoming a part of some womens daily routine. II. Which kinds are their? Winstrol, Testgro, Testo Prop, Halotestin, Anadrol, Stromba.... the list goes on and on of the common street names for anabolic steroids http://www.pharm.arizona.edu Basically though their are 5 popular separate products being sold individually or in a combination with others that can either be taken orally or injected with needles. This list is Androstenedione, 4-Androstenediol, 5-Androstenediol, 19-Norandrostenedione, and finally 19-Norandrostenediol http://www.betterbodz.com . First, lets consider the andros. They are not drugs and can be sold legally as dietary supplements in health food stores http://www.nida.nih.gov ). Androstene is naturally produced by the bodys adrenal gland. But with the help of scientists, theShow MoreRelatedThe Effects of Anabolic Steroids on Athletes Essay1663 Words   |  7 PagesIt is believed that many athletes use anabolic steroids to increase their muscle mass and also their strength. Anabolic steroids are a group of synthetic hormones that promote the storage of proteins and the growth of tissue, sometimes used by athletes to increase muscle size and strength. Before the mid 1970’s the use of anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) was used mainly by highly trained athletes especially those involved in weight training. Since then other athletes including those involvedRead MoreAnabolic Steroids: and the High School Athlete1528 Words   |  7 PagesAnabolic Steroids: And the High School Athlete Anabolic steroid abuse has become a national concern among high school athletes. There has been a dramatic increase in the number of athletes using these performance enhancing drugs in high school almost double the number using since the 1980s. These athletes feel that steroids gives them the competitive edge that they think they need to boost themselves past the competition. Steroids have been used in bodybuilding and other sports since the 1950sRead More Anabolic Steroid Use by Athletes Essay3169 Words   |  13 PagesBen Johnson. He tested positive for anabolic steroid use. It was later discovered that hed been using steroids for several years. He was striped of his gold medal and his world record. Carl Lewis was given the gold and the world record (Ben Johnson). In the many years since this incident, no one has come close to Ben Johnsons time. The next fastest that has ever been ran was a 9.84 by fellow Canadian Donovan Bailey in the 1996 Summer Olympics. Steroids definitely enabled Ben Johnson to reachRead More Anabolic Steroids and the High School Athlete Essay1495 Words   |  6 PagesAnabolic Steroids and the High School Athlete Anabolic steroid abuse has become a national concern among high school athletes. There has been a dramatic increase in the number of athletes using these performance enhancing drugs in high school almost double the number using since the 1980s. These athletes feel that steroids gives them the competitive edge that they think they need to boost themselves past the competition. Steroids have been used in bodybuilding and other sports since theRead MoreWhy Do Athletes Use Anabolic Steroids?2261 Words   |  10 PagesMiramontez Professor Winter English 103: Critical Reasoning and Writing 7 May 2015 Why do athletes use Anabolic Steroids? An anabolic steroid is the name that is associated with the male sex hormones. Anabolic steroids promote the development of male sexual characteristics in both males and females, and also promote the growth of the skeletal muscle (drugabuse.gov). In the late 1930s, anabolic steroids were developed. The primary reason for their creation was to treat a certain condition calledRead MoreThe Use Of Anabolic Steroids And How Athletes Are Cheating1482 Words   |  6 Pagescreation of sports. Athletes are becoming bigger, faster and stronger. The competitive edge has started to increase and guys are looking for ways to enhance their performances. Many turn to repetitive practices and healthier diets, while some turn to protein powder. No matter the method the average athlete is trying their best to propel his or her efforts past previous marks. Most stick to natural remedies, but there are a select few that turn to steroid injections. Steroids have overtaken the sportsRead MoreAnabolic Ste roid : Miracle Drug Or Dangerous Way For Athletes2733 Words   |  11 Pages Anabolic Steroid: Miracle drug or Dangerous Way for Athletes to Cheat? Trevor Holmes May 1, 2015 Rock Port High School Abstract Anabolic steroids have been around since the 1950s. They are used in many ways, both medical and recreational. Steroids have negative side effects as well as positive benefits. Steroids users range from professional athletes to males with AIDS that suffer from muscle dystrophy. When forming an opinion on steroids, remember to listen to the facts and rememberRead MoreAthletes, Performance-Enhancing Drugs and Anabolic Steroids Essay2468 Words   |  10 PagesThere are many types of steroids abused by athletes in order to increase their muscle mass and strength. Though steroids have a negative reputation, there are some that can be beneficial to athletes and certain patients. There are types of steroids called corticosteroids that have more medical uses to them and another type called anabolic-androgenic steroids that have a more limited medical use. The anabolic-androgenic are usually the steroids that are being abused by athletes (Bigelow, par.10). TheRead More Anabolic Steroids Use by Athletes: A Threat to Body and Mind2344 Words   |  10 Pagesfor. -- Ralph Waldo Emerson In the world of sports today, anabolic/androgenic steroid use is a vast problem. Since its’ introduction into Russian weightlifting, it has been expanding with no signs of stopping. It has spread into every major sport, with usage by every age and race. The use continues to grow, even with a lengthy list of serious health, legal, and ethical concerns. Because of our societys adoration of muscle, athletes put their athletic goals higher on their priority list than theirRead MoreAnabolic Androgenic Steroids Is A Huge Problem Among Today s Athletes857 Words   |  4 PagesComposition Mrs. Vidden 14 January 2015 Anabolic-Androgenic Steroid Abuse in Professional Sports Anabolic-androgenic steroids are a huge problem amongst today’s athletes. The use of these drugs has been around for many years in sports. Understanding anabolic-androgenic steroids and why people take them is needed in the process of trying to eliminate them from professional sports. Also, players knowing and understanding how the negatives of anabolic-androgenic steroid use outweigh the positives will hopefully

Power And Institutional Control / Domination Essay

The paper that I’m writing will reflect on power and institutional control/ domination. This paper will discuss how supplemental readings #4 Emile Durkheim- The Rules of Sociological Method, #14 Karl Marx- The Communist Manifesto, #16 Max Weber- Economy and Society #20 M. Foucault- Docile Bodies from Discipline and Punish all contribute to a true meaning understanding of power and institutions control/ domination. The key components that deals with power, and institutions control/ domination are family relationships between two people either related by birth, marriage, adoption and in some any long -standing ties of intimacy. Education in which knowledge, skills and values are transmitted from on individual or group to another. Religion is based on beliefs and practices pertaining to the norms about the right way to live that is shared a group of believers. Economic institutions are a set of arrangements by which a society produces, distributes and consume goods. Political ins titutions that pertain to the governance of a society. These social institutions listed above are established or standardized patterns of rule governed behaviors that are controlled. Article 1. Emile Durkheim a French Sociologist truly believed that the study of society was to base on and examined on facts. When it comes to what are social facts. Durkheim concept of how and what is society is composed of individuals that keeps society moving and even what makes it fall apart. Social fact consists ofShow MoreRelatedFoucault and the Theories of Power and Identity Essay1366 Words   |  6 PagesFoucault believed that power is never in any one persons hands, it does not show itself in any obvious manner but rather as something that works its way into our imaginations and serves to constrain how we act. For example in the setting of a workplace the power does not pass from the top down; instead it circulates through their organizational practices. Such practices act like a grid, provoki ng and inciting certain courses of action and denying others. Foucault considers this as no straightforwardRead MorePower By Niccolo Machiavelli, Hannah Arendt, And Karl Emil1461 Words   |  6 PagesPower is defined as a political action coerced to exercise or to pursuit. It influences and controls the content of political power. The theory of power is argued by Niccolo Machiavelli, Hannah Arendt, and Karl Emil (Max) Weber. Machiavelli’s position stood that power is held by individuals. As for Arendt, she believed power was maintained within groups, while Weber believed power lied in institutions. Niccolo Machiavelli based his position of individual power on his book The Prince. The Prince extendsRead MoreCultural and Racial Inequality in Hemingways Indian Camp562 Words   |  3 Pageswitness the full cycle of birth and death. Although Nicks experience is a major theme in the story, cultural inequality also is an issue that adds to the the storys narrative range. Throughout this short story, there are many examples of racial domination between Nicks family and the Indians. Dr. Adams and Uncle Georges racist behavior toward the Native Americans are based on the history of competition between Caucasians and Americas indigenous peoples. Indian Camp begins at the shore whereRead MoreThe Claims Put Forth By Henry Giroux1603 Words   |  7 Pagesparticularly in the realm of education, and juxtapose them with various Marxist theories, displaying how the latter can be accurately applied in a thorough analysis of the former. More specifically, I will demonstrate how Marx’s theories dealing with Domination, Alienation, and Historical Materialism aptly tie to Giroux’s assertions. Giroux claims that the contemporary education system discourages the notion of true learning and critical thinking, and is instead a mere avenue that trains one for the inevitableRead MoreThe Theory, Social, And Conflict Theory854 Words   |  4 PagesStrain Theory, Institutional Strain Theory, Control Theory, Differential Association, Cultural Transmission, Differential Opportunity, and Delinquent Subcultures. Anomie Theory Emile Durkheim is usually seen as the father of sociological tradition of anomie theory. According to Durkheim, the idea of anomie means that there is a lack of social standards. In his book, The Division of Labor in Society, he describes that the two causes of anomie are division of labor and rapid social control (Bernburg,Read MoreMarxist View Of The Distribution Of Power Within Society And The Political System1336 Words   |  6 Pageswill analyse and critique the Marxist view of the distribution of power within society and the political system. It will then summarise how we commonly define a liberal democracy and what are its recognisable features within a pluralist context such as in Britain. Finally, it will ask how Marxists might view the above as affecting participation in such a political system. Overall this essay will outline the uneven distribution of power Marxism sees in a capitalist, liberal democratic society; the classRead MoreColonialism : Meaning And Scope1460 Wor ds   |  6 PagesIt is an exercise of power and violence against distinct populations that constructs hierarchical opposition and outcasts a particular group transforming them into the subalternity which exacerbates hierarchies creating categories as subalternity (Spivak, 1988). It also characterizes as â€Å"a form of domination- the control of individuals or groups over the territory and/or behavior of other individuals or groups.† (Horvath, 1972, p.46). Domination is the exercise of power over a different subjectRead MoreRacial Segregation And The Civil Rights Movement1407 Words   |  6 Pagessubtle hegemonic power that unfairly withholds political, economic, and social advantages from people of color as the â€Å"possessive investment in whiteness† (2-3). This process of domination is precisely what occurred in the post-Civil Rights Era. Despite the alleged progress believed to have been made, by the mid-1970s â€Å"the overall conditions of the African Am erican population were worse than before the movement,† precisely because of the hegemonic power structure’s effort to restore power (Morant 75)Read MoreAnalysis Of Patricia Hill Collins s Black Feminists1088 Words   |  5 PagesAccording to Collins, African-American women inhabit a sex/gender hierarchy in which inequalities of race and social class have been sexualized. By examining the links between sexuality and power, Collins reveals how important controlling Black women’s sexuality has been to the effective operation of domination overall. In other words, Collins claims that sexuality becomes a domain of restriction and repression when it is tied to race, class, and gender. Comparably, in her book Imposing Decency: TheRead MoreSocial Construction And Its Dynamic Effect On Power1157 Words   |  5 Pagesschools of thought in regards to power: power as ‘stuff’ and power as ‘relational’. James Arvanitakis explores the significance of power, inequality, and the numerous complex facets of modern society. This includes the emergence of uneven power relationships and the supremacy of particular groups in society. Hence, the idea of ‘social construction’ and its dynamic effect on power as ‘stuff’ and ‘relational’. The work of philosopher Michel Foucault in regards to social power and disparity attempts to uncover

Web Application Testing-Free-Samples for Students-Myassignment

Question: Analysis and Evaluation of Testing tools like Selenium and JUnit used in Web Application Testing. Answer: This report gives an analysis and evaluation of Testing tools like Selenium and JUnit used in Web Application Testing. An in depth study of Web Applications and the necessity to deliver them with the least number of errors is made. A sample web application is used to do the analysis and measure the efficacy of automating the test scripts. Selenium is a group of software tools which has distinct methods and approaches for automating the test script. This report analyzes the use of Selenium in different operations like locating UI elements and comparing the expected results to the actual results while running a script. The ability of Selenium to execute the same test scripts in different browsers is also analyzed here. The document elucidates the fact that Selenium is not just a tool but a combination of short concise applications which together constitute a Suite of Softwares. This suite is designed to cater to the needs of different requirements and customers depending upon the Testi ng strategy they adopt. A study of how JUnit could be used for Unit Testing Web Applications is made here. JUnit is a unit testing framework. The use of JUnit in writing the test scripts that are intended for repeatable execution is made here. When the sample application is checked unit wise using JUnit, the bugs could be identified early in the Testing process. The Graphical User Interface of JUnit helps in makng the Testing procedure more easy by denoting the progress of testing in a bar that turns red if a test is failed. Testing the sample application with JUnit ensures that the software can be easily rectified of errors as soon as they are found. The main advantage of automating the test scripts using tools like Selenium and JUnit is that it increases the efficiency of the Testing Process to a great extent. Even the most time consuming and redundant Test Cases that are avoided normally during Manual Testing can be carried out if the test scripts are automated. This becomes all the more important in Web Testing as the cost and time involved is very crucial during project delivery. Software Testing The intent of Software Testing is to find the errors in a Software Application while it is being executed. These errors are called by different terminologies such as errors, bugs, deviations or defects (Bertolino, 2007). A complete and comprehensive testing strategy checks each and every requirement that the software application intends to satisfy. Both Verification and validation are two processes that ensures that software meets the business requirements of the client as well as it works exactly as it is expected to. Software systems are not error free. The reasons and chances of program errors are plentiful. Thus companies around the world are spending a big portion of their resources to make the software systems robust, reliable, scalable, safe, secure and defect free. This is where the significance of an economical and decisive software testing methodology becomes important. In spite of the best effort in the design, development and coding of software programs, some errors may persist in the software after its completion. Ever increasing faults in the software applications at various stages of development has invoked interest in Software Testing. As a result, the importance of software testing as an integral part of the software development process has been steadily growing and it has been regarded as the standard technique in the Software Industry to ensure quality and verify the correctness of the software. Formally, Software Testing is defined as the process of exercising or evaluating a system or system component by manual or automated means to verify that it satisfies specified requirements and actual results. Software testing plays a vital role in the software development process. Nearly one-third of the loss caused due to software errors can be easily eliminated by an improved testing infrastructure. A well designed testing process ensures that the software program performs as per the requirement under all conditions. The process of testing a software system is a humongous task which is not only time consuming but also very costly. It was estimated that software testing and debugging alone consume almost 50% of software system development resources. The quality of software can be enhanced by rigorously testing the program at the various stages of its development. The types of software testing has been evolving continuously to match with the rapidity of increase in the complexity of software design, frameworks and programming languages. Software Testing Methods Manual Testing: Manual testingis the process of testing the application manually by a person for detecting the software. It requires a tester to play the role of an end user where they randomly check the application by keying in values and see if the application responds properly. To guarantee completeness of testing, the tester often follows a writtentest planthat leads them through a set of importanttest cases. Automation Testing: Automation testing is a technique that automates the test cases using specific tools which can detect the bugs in less time. In Automation testing, the tester writes scripts by own and uses suitable software to test the software. It is basically an automation of a manual process intended to reduce the time and cost overhead in repeated testing. Literature Review A comparison of three basic software testing techniques is done in (Kuhn et al, 2004). The techniques used are analysing the software structurally by complete statement coverage, testing the code line by line after abstracting it and equivalence partitioning and boundary value analysis, which are used as methods in functional testing. The fault detection capabilities of these three methods are analyzed in this paper. It was found that all three methods fared differently based on the professional capacity of the testers. Comparatively, code reading had better results when used by professional programmers, which indicates its slight efficacy over the other methods. A neglected aspect of Software Testing is that as the use of the application increases, the resources which hosts the application can behave erroneously over time. This problem is analyzed and addressed in (Kuhn et al, 2009). The paper evaluates the aspect of Combinatorial Testing, where the different combinations of the resources that host the application are determined and verified up to a pre specified level. This can help in detecting the possible errors early at the testing phase, as it ensures there would not be a problem due to the different combinations of resources used. Regression Testing becomes mandatory for an application that has to undergo frequent changes. These changes may be due to the new requirements or new modifications to the existing application. It becomes mandatory to check the whole application each time a modification is made to ensure that the current application is not affected adversely by new changes. (Wong et al, 1997) elucidates the different methods by which Regression Testing could be made simpler by reducing the number of test cases required to be run each time a modification happens. This is done by prioritizing and minimizing the test cases and using only a subset of them that recognizes the deviations specifically. The significance of using Web Applications and methods to improve their quality is analyzed in (Ricca and Tonella, 2001). A UML representation of the web application is proposed first. The UML representation helps in deriving the static site structure and also other high level details of the web application. These details could be used to generate a framework for white box testing and automate the test cases. Testing by this method increases the accuracy and reduces the effort in testing a Web Application. The effectiveness of using automated testing tools and a comparative study of these tools like Selenium, QTP and Test Complete is made in (Kaur and Gupta, 2013). The study evaluates the performance of these tools specific to requirements such as Black Box Testing, Functional Testing and Regression Testing. Each tool has its advantages based on the requirements and the type of application. In (Holmes and Kellog, 2006) explains the use of Selenium as a tool of choice for testing Web Applications. The paper elaborates certain features of Selenium. Selenium as a tool has the ability to do Testing initially before the design and can determine when to start or stop User Acceptance Testing. It also has the capacity to provide automated test suites for Regression Testing. An analysis is also made on the duration required to write the scripts in development environment and how far the functional requirements could be covered completely by the tool. Apart from its use as an automation tool for Web Applications, (Kongsli, 2007) discusses the use of Selenium in Security Testing. Unmasking the susceptibilities of an application by creating test scripts that simulate anomalous behaviour is called Security Testing, which is discussed in length in the paper. Test scenarios and Test scripts are designed meticulously which demonstrate the use of the tool in creating such test scripts. The use of a Keyword Driven Framework is explained in (Singla and Kaur, 2014) to automate the test scripts. A testing tool called Selenium Webdriver is used to abstract the detailed functions necessary to automate the testing process. These concise functions are then populated into an excel file. The description as to how the program should run is also given in the excel sheet and the automation process is carried out more efficiently. The different methods by which Unit Tests can be written in an improved way is investigated in (Cheon and Leavens, 2002). The paper elucidates the methods by which a runtime assertion checker is used to determine the correctness of the test scripts. The use of specifications which abstract the elaborate test scripts is also considered here. Specifications are used instead of descriptive test code which makes the the testing process more concise and readable. This specification enabled Unit Testing with JML and JUnit is examined in depth here. How test case prioritization can increase the fault detection capability of a test suite is analyzed in (Rothermel and Kinneer, 2004). An experimental setup where unit test cases are executed after test case prioritization is implemented here. The paper reiterates the fact that unit testing using JUnit after test case prioritization proves to be more cost effective. Prioritization ensures that the Test Cases are executed in a particular order wh ich could reduce the overhead in Regression Testing. By using JUnit for Java programs, the fault detection capabilities of the Unit tests significantly improve. Why selenium and JUnit for testing web applications? Selenium Selenium is an open source tool that gives a framework for testing Web Applications (Singh and Tarika, 2014). The tool can be easily accessed, downloaded and used. Essentially, the Selenium tool is an add-on feature for the Firefox browser, and can be used to automate the test scripts written for a Web Application. The sample program selected here is the Mercury Tours Web Application that is provided along with QTP installation to learn the initial concepts of Web Application Testing. Since it is a Web Application that is being tested here, a cost effective, simple and compact technique for testing should be adopted. Selenium meets the criterion of being cost effective, since it is an open source tool. Selenium also supports a variety of platforms, languages and browsers which makes it very handy for the testers to work with. As with other modern tools, Selenium also has an active community based support for its users. It is a package of different tools intended to address different testing issues and hence referred to as a Test Suite. It is relatively easier to use and since the scripts run directly on the browsers, the results can be seen by the users (Bruns et al, 2009). The reporting feature of Selenium is also user friendly and allows the testers to analyze the results and take necessary steps to rectify them. The basis of Selenium lies in a client server architecture. The client component comprises of a WebDriver API and a Remote WebDriverClass. The WebDriver API is used to interact with the elements of the application while the Remote WebDriver class acts as an interface and corresponds with the Selenium server. Similarly the server comprises of a server component that receive requests, a WebDriver API that executes the test scripts on the server and a SeleniumGrid which ensures the cross browser and cross platform capabilities of the tool. While testing the Mercury Tours Web Application, simple scripts can be used to run the tests directly within the browser. Thus the same test scripts could be used to test the same functionality in different browsers. For testing the login page of the sample application, the Selenium IDE provides a number of context menus and within the context the number of available commands could also been seen. There are certain assertion statements which ensure that the action performed is correct. The test scripts could be abstracted to HTML tables which make the testing process more concise and efficient. The dynamism of Selenium is illustrated by the Selenium IDE, also called the recorder which helps in the user to navigate and simulate the tests which may be done manually (Choudhary et al, 2010). The server in Selenium also gives the option to write the test with any program which enables different functionality like conditional logic to be integrated into the automated testing process (Gunde cha, 2012). There is a sequential order by which a test script is designed and executed in Selenium. First a WebDriver instance is created for the sample Mercury tours Web Application. Then an HTML element like an input box for the username is selected after navigating to the page. Once the HTML element is selected an action could be carried out on that particular element. Then the tests are run on the elements and the results are recorded. By creating test scripts for the sample application using Selenium, it can be determined that this tool is one of the best in the industry that can perform even miniscule user events. Because Selenium allows a great deal of freedom for the Tester to write their own logic, it provides the chance to do complex operations (Pajunen et al, 2011). JUnit JUnit is a unit testing framework for Web Applications in Java. The concept of Test Driven Development is relevant while discussing JUnit in Unit Testing. Test Driven development is a Software Development process, where the requirements are converted into Test Cases and the code is rewritten to meet these requirements. As the name suggests, Test Driven Development lays emphasis on Testing early during the development phase, which thereby reduces the cost and effort in tracking down the bugs at a later stage. Unit Testing is the process of verifying a single unit in an application to see if it is running without any hitches. Unit Testing could be termed as the initial step in testing a Web Application, by confirming that the independent units within the application works fine by themselves, before an integration of these units are made. By integrating these units, modules are made, which in turn when grouped together form the entire system. As testing these basic building blocks results in verifying the correctness of the program, it initiates the developer to scrutinize his code in a more meticulous way. For a standalone application, it becomes mandatory to call the programs main() method to do any verification in the code level. Similarly in a Web Application, to ensure that the flow is working correctly, the program has to be run in the Server. Hence testing the Web Application becomes a gruesome task, as each time an error is uncovered, the Server has to be restarted, and the changes in the application has to get reflected in the Server. By using JUnit, these issues can be addressed. Practically, during web development, JUnit test cases are implemented in the DAO classes. The advantage of using these DAO classes is that it can be tested and verified without the help or presence of the Server. This makes JUnit a very handy tool for testing the Web Applications, where there is no need to keep verifying whether the changes has to be incorporated in the Server. Conclusion Web Testing is nothing but the process of checking the web application for errors before the application is delivered to the client or shifted to the production team for making it live. Since a variety of users will be accessing the Web Application it is absolutely mandatory to make sure that the Application reaches the end users in a standard and presentable manner. The Functional Testing of a Web Application ensures that the all the specifications and the functional requirements of the application is met correctly. Some of the basic functionalities that has to be checked and taken care of, while a Web Application is being released is that to see if all the web links like outgoing, mailto, anchor and internal links are working properly. Apart from this it also has to be taken care of that all the web forms are working as expected. A few things that are ensured during this process is that if all the mandatory fields are not populated it throws relevant exception messages. And also th at the default values are populated and the values that are being entered into the forms are populated in the database as well. Selenium proves to be the best among all the other tools that captures almost all the activities that a user performs in a browser. Since Selenium has the capability to add logic by using programming concepts, it is the tool of choice for many Testers in the industry. In addition to that Selenium and JUnit are open source tools which make it economical and viable for using them at will. Advantages like being portable and being cross browser and cross platform friendly makes it the tool of choice for automating the test scripts in Regression Testing. The fault detection capabilities of the tool is also analyzed and found to be better than most other tools in the industry now References Bertolino, A. (2007). Software testing research: Achievements, challenges, dreams. In2007 Future of Software Engineering(pp. 85-103). Kuhn, D. R., Wallace, D. 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